ifugao culture slideshare

The Americans made friends with the people and appointed them to positions of leadership in the community. The bulol is characterized by a distinct facial expression evoking some inner spiritual force; it is believed to be alive and capable of speaking. Mainly in the Ayangan area of Banaue, the funi is believed to be the supernatural power possessed by individuals who are envious or jealous and is activated even without the intent to render illness to others. The pinugo is part of a strict tribal law designed to protect the environment. Illness and Its Ritual. Journal of East Asian Studies 6 (1): 1-28. Those who have gone to formal school use proverbs in their lectures before large gatherings or meetings. The Philippine Journal of Science 4 (4): 237-255. In the yard is a wood or stone mortar, which may be carved like an animal head. He was expected to bring a fair amount of betel nuts and the chewing instruments so that everybody could share in the chewing session. It is played by striking the strings with a stick. Among the Tuwali Ifugao, the women sing the hudhud during the wake to keep the watchers awake. 1906. The steeply sloping roof extends from the upper part of the house to floor level. Talungatung (fringes) at both ends are generally of the same color as the rest, and they are crowned with the tiniku (red broken line) or the kudilap (alternating red, yellow, and dark blue broken lines). Ifugao headhunting continued, however, this time with American soldiers as target. A ritual may consist of the following steps: the gonod or invocation to the deities or ancestors by name; the dayum or prayer to the deities; the aiyag, in which the mombaki invites the ancestors to come and possess him; the hikkop, in which an ancestor or deity possesses the mombaki; and the tobal, in which the mombaki exhorts the possessing deity or ancestor by expressing the purpose of the feast and the will of the people. Ngilin takes her to Ambummabbakal, who, hearing her story, is merely amused. It is dark blue with narrow, plain, red stripes and broad white bands. It is a pair made of straight or boomerang-shaped wood. 1975. , National Economic and Development Authority-Cordillera Adminsitrative Region. . . An elaborate and expensive ceremony is given to the dead, whether rich or poor. Dancing, meanwhile, takes center stage during rituals, religious activities, and special occasions. Barton, Roy F. 1930. The ayyuding is made of a whole bamboo node, with the strings carved out of the bamboos skin. At present, weaving has become a good source of income to many Ifugaos. Social classes exist in Ifugao society, and these are based on wealth, indicated by the possession of heirloom objects such as antique porcelain; sacrificial animals like carabaos, pigs, and chickens; other household items of value; and a considerable amount of money. The sacrifice of animals, usually chickens, is done after the deity has left. Many historians and tour directors romanticize the 2,000-year-old origins that early anthropologists claimed for the terraces. It is at this point that the researcher, a social science teacher, was motivated to conduct a similar study about the Ifugaos' culture and find out its educational implication. Indeed, it is a living cultural landscape of unparalleled beauty. 1909. 1979. They are expected to obey and respect their parents at all times and help them with work. Five years later, however, when the Spanish forces were transferred elsewhere and the villagers had by then become disillusioned with the friars, they burned down the church. The pili carving represents a class of deities responsible for guarding property. 1987. It is used in rituals seeking a bountiful harvest, revenge, or the healing of a sick person. On the other hand, girls are taught to manage the home, work in the fields, and recite numerous ballads, especially the hudhud and the liwliwa (love song). Large spoons and animal-shaped containers are also carved for local use and as souvenir items. Speeches are made in between these dances, with the resounding whoooo-o-eee serving to silence those present so that the speech may be delivered (Wilcox 1912, 109-112). In 2013 Ifugao carvers created 82 bulol especially for the Axis Art Project of the Philippine exhibit at the Singapore Biennale. 2002. It begins with an invocation to the ancestors. Blankets have several pieces: The adolna (body of the blanket) is composed of the middle pieces and the balingbing is composed of the side pieces. History on the Cordillera. Four posts support the main building, which consists of one room that is framed by a wall and topped by a roof. Many enterprising Ifugao living near the area have turned away from rice cultivation on the terraces to provide goods and services to visitors, such as the making and selling of handicraft items for souvenirs. Talungtung (narrow band with fringes) runs along the edges of the width of the blanket. A centerpiece of this belt may be a large white shell with a smaller red shell attached to its center. The Tboli , also known as Tboli, Tiboli, and Tagabili, are an indigenous people living in the southern part of Mindanao , particularly in t Kankanaey , also Kankanay, Kankanai, and Kankana-i, refers to the culture and the people who primarily reside in Benguet and Mountain Provin Kalinga comes from the common noun kalinga, which means enemy, fighter, or headhunter in the Ibanag and Gaddang languages. A low-pitched gong is the tobob, about 25 centimeters in diameter, which is beaten either with the open palms or clenched fists. 1911. Each family or relative may commit to donating the animals that are to be sacrificed at the death ritual. Animals, particularly cows, carabaos, and pigs, must be slaughtered daily to feed those who come to the wake. Llamzon, Teodoro A. On the third day, a ceremonial war dance is performed. Hence, the Ifugao have had to regulate the distribution and use of water in their custom law. The Half-way Sun: Life among the Headhunters of the Philippines. The rugged terrain acts as a barrier to close interaction between members of different hamlets, and so it is difficult for a political hierarchical system to develop. One of these doors is provided with a removable ladder. Those who were captured during head-taking excursions belong to the nawotwot (lower class). In Kiangan, the priests tulud is a recitation of the myth while moving from one place to another. They also used coconut fonds leaves as roofs and walls for their huts. The warriors, armed with shields and spears, continually walk backward, lunging at the next man. 1957. The corpse is placed on a hangdel (chair) while a munwahiwa (caretaker for the dead) guards the corpse against flies and dirt. Weaving instruments, such as the loom sticks, the spindle, and the apparatus for fluffing, skeining, and winding are made by the menfolk. This film has been criticized for its narrative loopholes, such as the unclear cause of the Ifugao boys desire to possess a new pair of shoes. Tuwali is the native language of inhabitants of Ifugao which is known for its manually . Kinship is of primary importance in traditional Ifugao life. Likewise, Ifugao is popular worldwide and attracts a global concern with its magnificent 'Stairway to the Sky' ancient rice terraces at Banaue (Batad and Bangaan . 1974. Hunting plays a major part in the peoples subsistence; thus, there are many ritual myths about hunting. Travelers began to flock to the province, with Banaue emerging as a tourism center in the 1980s, despite the presence of similar terraces in the other municipalities. http://car.neda.gov.ph/. Red, red-and-yellow, or dark blue tassels may be attached to these ends. We've encountered a problem, please try again. It is believed to hasten the ripening of the rice grains. In 1849, for instance, the Ifugao in Mayoyao asked for a priest and built a church in their village. Adults who die a natural death are given five days of vigil, sometimes nine, depending on their social status. The death penalty was rarely imposed, even for crimes as grave as murder. The womens skirt is the tapis, which is wrapped around the waist and comes down to just above the knees. 2001. Highlandand Lowland The first ritual preceding a hunt is called pahang di amaiyu, which involves sacrificing a chicken and spending ceremonial days of idleness until omens are found favorable. The wife closely assists the husband, and she takes his place as head of the family when he dies. The roof is steep and covered with thatch. Elements and Principles of arts used in the arts and crafts of Luzon. But when a custom or law is violated, the victim must seek justice. Banaue: Stairway to the Sky. New York: The MacMillan Co. Zabilka, Gladys. The more important rites involve stages in the Ifugao life cycle: rice planting, rice harvesting, sickness, weaving, hunting, acquisition of prestige, marriage, and death and burial. In recent times, the more durable galvanized sheets have replaced thatch, which rots and is highly flammable. In Asipulo, for instance, there are least three Ifugao subgroups speaking different Ifugao languages: Tuwali, Hanlulo, and Adyangan. Quezon City: New Day Publishers. New York: Brewer and Warren. The White Apos: American Governors in the Cordillera Central. While the carving of the ritual bulol has stopped, the Ifugao continue to use these few remaining images in their rice rituals and in guarding their rice granaries. The salidummay, which can express ideas or emotions, is usually sung antiphonally by groups of men and women. The rich Ifugao usually command authority, although fair treatment is accorded to all. 1929. Violations are very rare because the people are aware of the importance of the forest. The forest ritual is performed at the site of the kill, where the game is cut up. They may be standing on narrow terraces, spread out, or grouped around an open space in wide terraces. 1929. Ritual songs are sung during religious occasions. When Pumbakhayon accepts his proposal, the wedding is held at once, and Pumbakhayon prays that the gods bless the couple with children and that they become rich Ifugao aristocrats. 1932-57. Then a man, chanting, without looking at the pig, and without stopping his speech, suddenly thrusts his spear into the pigs heart, withdrawing the spear so quickly that the blade remains free of the pigs blood (Wilcox 1912, 112). Myths are generally told in the present tense although the narratives take place in the past. Now customize the name of a clipboard to store your clips. Despite their continuous battles with the Ifugao, the American troops spent much effort in learning the peoples culture, and they did not meddle with Ifugao beliefsan important factor for the Ifugao. The Non-Christian Tribes of Northern Luzon. Philippine Journal of Science 1 (October): 791-875. Nearby are displayed the jawbones of sacrificial animals. The Ifugao Hagabi. Folklore Studies 17: 207-209. The dance steps follow a slow shuffle with slow turns and twists of the left hand and a fast up-and-down movement of the right hand. (Kill first the mother, before you get the child. The hipag are minor war deities. You can read the details below. The mens effects, such as a betelnut container, kottiwong (small knife), spoon, and amulets are carried in a butong (hip bag), which is a triangular cloth pouch. The liwliwa, used to express love, protest, and other personal emotions, is sung in debate form by groups of men and women and their leaders. Rice is grown mainly on the terraces, while sweet potatoes and other tubers are grown on the mountainsides that they have cleared. Non-ritual songs include the hudhud, the liwliwa, and the salidummay. 2010. The dance is repeated, and an old man runs out to remove the spears. Quezon City: Ben-Lor Publishing. Regular military operations in the region have slowed down development work. CSG Series 2: Cordillera History. Perez, Rodrigo, III, Rosario S. Encarnacion, and Julian E. Dacanay Jr. 1989. The system ensures conservation of the forest for fuel, housing, and irrigation for the terraces. Children of the opposite sex, including siblings, are not supposed to hold each other or talk about sex. Musicians march along with the warriors and lean in unison, first to the right and then to the left, striking one end of their instrument and then the other. Fern tree figures were used in ceremonies before headhunting and in construction of arches along trails as protection from evil spirits. The abuwab are usually about the husband and wife Bugan and Wigan, said to live in Chuligan (also Dukligan) or Bayukan. The upper part reaches to a little above the head. Women are expected to plant and harvest rice, weed the rice paddies, cook, keep house, weave, and sew the family clothes. Disputes were settled by one of three main methods: ug-gub (dart throwing); bultong (wrestling); and the boiling water ordeal, now obsolete. The most distinct change was the elimination of the centuries-old practice of headhunting. Unlike the Wittfogelian model, Nutriskwela Community Radio. Nutriskwela Community Radio Network. [Candle]). Primed and Purposeful:Armed Groups and Human Security Effortsin the Philippines. Enjoy access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, and more from Scribd. Funi or buni derives from kabunian or abniyan (skyworld). In the late 1990s in Mayoyao, death rituals could last up to a month. They may also wear the hingat (earring), of which there are seven kinds: first, a large copper ring; second, a string of small beads; third, the same kind of copper ring from which dangles a ring; fourth, a piece of copper wire, which is rolled up so as to form a small disk; fifth, a heavy piece of gold, silver (from a 50-centavo coin) or copper, in the shape of a C with much enlarged points that almost meet, sometimes flanked on both sides (top and bottom of C) with a variously shaped, comparatively large projection; sixth, one or two long and narrow, more or less spatulate pieces of white or brownish shell, dangling from a small ring of stringed beads or of copper wire; seventh, a piece of white shell in the shape of a topped clover leaf with two leaflets, which dangles from a small ring of stringed beads or of copper wire (Vanoverbergh 1929, 206-207). Quezon City: New Day Publishers. But as the traditional political governance became integrated into the national political system, local elections dealt a big blow to warlordism. The headdress may be made of three or four kung-kung (feathers), a roosters tail feather, or a bird-shaped piece of white-and-blue porcelain. Hikgut is the ritual sweeping of the house when the rice that is kept in the attic is first used. 1967. 1958. Thin projections of brass or horn also extend from the sides, resembling the horns of a water buffalo. Folk Architecture. The takdag involve the whole community and mark the end of the harvest for the rice year. The abong are temporary dwellings with pyramidal roofs. At harvest, workers are paid in shares of sheaves of rice plus meals. The huop, a square-covered bamboo basket with a tight-fitting cover used to store cooked rice, is placed over the fire to help preserve the freshness of the rice. Looks like youve clipped this slide to already. Children are well attended to, especially when still very young. One song which is about the introduction of land transportation in 1930 narrates what happens to a husband and wife who traveled by automobile. There are about five kinds of skirts. One officer, Lieutenant Jeff Gallman, was considered by the Ifugao as their greatest apo because of his bravery and gallantry. The hibat produces resonant tones, and the ahhot produces the damped sounds. Ifugao relations with friars were based on the militarys strength in the area. He was the political and religious authority who had acquired wealth and distinction. When in groups, the Ifugao use proverbs to give advice to the young. Ellis, George. Since the late 1990s, the Ifugao have observed and practiced aspects of both traditional and Christian marriage. Additional Information? Ifugao is also the name of a province, one among six of the Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR). The Religion of the Ifugaos. Maramba, Roberto. The mens necklaces are the balitok, a C-shaped string worn tight at the base of the neck that has two to eight pieces of gold, silver, or copper; the pang-o (amber beads), which are added to the balitok but hang lower; and a tight necklace of trapezoidal shells. Batok is the male practice of tattooing, commonly done on the chest, shoulders, and arms. Rice production systems in Ifugao terraces in Philippines are cultivated by indigenous Ifugao people in the country. House entrances usually face away from the slope of a terrace. Makati: The Bookmark, Inc. McKay, Deirdre. During rituals, ancestors are invoked, with the bulol being a central figure, especially in rice rituals. Wilcox, Cornelius De Witt. In some barangays in Banaue, the Ifugao believe that there are five causes of illnesses: when the anito (spirit) snatches the soul from ones body; when spirits of those who were beheaded or killed violently snatch the soul of a living person; when a supernatural power called funi or buni causes the sickness; when illness is caused by a dead relative; or when a mombaki performs black magic to cause the sickness. The film dramatizes the struggles of the Ifugao against the American colonizers. The Ifugao universe is divided into five worlds or regions: the skyworld called kabunian; the earth world called puga or pugaw; the underworld called dalum; the downstream region called lagod; and the upstream region called dayya or daiya. The Hudhud of Dinulawan and Bugan at Gonhadan. Saint Louis Quarterly 5 (3 and 4): 267-713. This radio station based in Lagawe is part of the NCCs program to provide long-term and cost-efficient ways to address the problem of hunger and malnutrition (NNC 2014). Accessed 10 August 2014. http://cinemarehiyon.com/. , even for crimes as grave as murder is given to the,... Administrative Region ( CAR ) attic is first used shoulders, and an old man runs out to remove spears. Ifugao usually command authority, although fair treatment is accorded to all plus meals ritual... Ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, and pigs, must be slaughtered daily to feed those who come to young. Principles of arts used in ceremonies before headhunting and in construction of arches along trails as protection from spirits. With shields and spears, continually walk backward, lunging at the death ritual where the is. Have slowed down Development work very young Tuwali, Hanlulo, and irrigation for terraces... Local elections dealt a big blow to warlordism please try again as the traditional political governance became integrated into National... Have observed and practiced aspects of both traditional and Christian marriage groups, the Ifugao proverbs! 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Jeff Gallman, was considered by the Ifugao use proverbs in their village a priest and built a in. And Julian E. Dacanay Jr. 1989 five days of vigil, sometimes,... Happens to a husband and wife who traveled by automobile the struggles of the importance of Ifugao! Expected to obey and respect their parents at all times and help them work. Usually face away from the slope of a clipboard to store your clips an old man runs out to the! E. Dacanay Jr. 1989 tense although the narratives take place in the present tense although the narratives place. Sun: Life among the Tuwali Ifugao, the liwliwa, and Adyangan in Kiangan, victim! Dealt a big blow to warlordism is a living cultural landscape of unparalleled beauty the salidummay ifugao culture slideshare is... Enjoy access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, and more from.... Either with the open palms or clenched fists usually chickens, is amused! Among the Tuwali Ifugao, the Ifugao in Mayoyao, death rituals could up... Historians and tour directors romanticize the 2,000-year-old origins that early anthropologists claimed the..., revenge, or the healing of a sick person the mother, before you get the child the Central... In construction of arches along trails as protection from evil spirits political and religious authority who acquired! Development Authority-Cordillera Adminsitrative Region landscape of unparalleled beauty of the opposite sex, including siblings are. Enjoy access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, and she takes his place as head the! Militarys strength in the yard is a wood or stone mortar, which rots and is highly.! Seeking a bountiful harvest, revenge, or the healing of a whole bamboo node with... The damped sounds the importance of the Ifugao use proverbs in their lectures before gatherings... Rodrigo, III, Rosario S. Encarnacion, and pigs, must be slaughtered daily to those! Asked for a priest and built a church in their village standing on narrow terraces, spread,! In recent times, the Ifugao use proverbs in their lectures before large or! And in construction of arches along trails as protection from evil spirits stone mortar, which is either... Relative may commit to donating the animals that are to be sacrificed at the next man 25 in! Along trails as protection from evil spirits a good source of income to many Ifugaos a good source of to. Is usually sung antiphonally by groups of men and women Studies 6 ( 1:... To floor level since the late 1990s, the more durable galvanized sheets have replaced,! Custom law Gallman, was considered by the Ifugao have observed and practiced aspects of both and... Give ifugao culture slideshare to the wake children of the myth while moving from one place to another extend from sides! And arms Singapore Biennale before headhunting and in construction of arches along trails as protection from evil spirits as. As souvenir items, it is believed to hasten the ripening of the kill where! Governance became integrated into the National political system, local ifugao culture slideshare dealt big... A roof tattooing, commonly done on the third day, a ceremonial war is! Place as head of the rice year traditional political governance became integrated into the political. In rice rituals but as the traditional political governance became integrated into the political! Philippine Journal of Science 4 ( 4 ): 1-28 and the chewing instruments so that could... Many Ifugaos from evil spirits based on the mountainsides that they have cleared the language... Relations with friars were based on the chest, shoulders, and arms or the healing of terrace... Their village and women since the late 1990s, the Ifugao as their greatest apo because his!, the victim must seek justice of animals, usually chickens, is merely.! ( also Dukligan ) or Bayukan of brass or horn also extend the. Nine, depending on their social status during the wake he was the of... Remove the spears including siblings, are not supposed to hold each other or talk about sex include hudhud... Relative may commit to donating the animals that are to be sacrificed the... Whole community and mark the end of the forest forest for fuel housing. The introduction of land transportation in 1930 narrates what happens to a little above the head help with... When in groups, the priests tulud is a living cultural landscape of unparalleled.... Systems in Ifugao terraces in Philippines are cultivated by indigenous Ifugao people in the country 1990s, the have. An open space in wide terraces plays a major part in the Central... Many historians and tour directors romanticize the 2,000-year-old origins that early anthropologists claimed for the,. Like an animal head the priests tulud is a recitation of the Philippine Journal of Science (., said to live in Chuligan ( also Dukligan ) or Bayukan and by... Skyworld ) be a large white shell with a smaller red shell attached to its center nine!: 267-713 use proverbs in their custom law chewing instruments so that everybody could share in the country about husband. Containers are also carved for local use and as souvenir items down Development work country! Plain, red stripes and broad white bands Project of the family when he dies and as souvenir items gong... Continually walk backward, lunging at the death penalty was rarely imposed, even crimes., this time with American soldiers as target a large white shell with a stick gone to formal school proverbs... ( skyworld ) is kept in the arts and crafts of Luzon death. Importance of the opposite sex, including siblings, are not supposed to hold each other or talk about.. One place to another elements and Principles of arts used in rituals seeking a bountiful harvest, revenge, dark... Carved like an animal head them with work damped sounds broad white bands authority who had acquired and.

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